世新大學九十二學年度研究所博、碩士班考試

世新大學九十二學年度研究所博、碩士班考試

學系別	考試科目
社會心理學系碩士班	英文

一、閱讀測驗(42%)

The experiment was designed to determine whether or not delivering a speech on a controversial subject changes the opinion of the speaker more readily than that of listener. Subject in one group were asked to deliver a speech based on an outline furnished by the experimenter. The outline indicated only the topic and the general direction of the argument. Speakers drew the substance of the speech from their experiences. Each speech argued for a specific position concerning an expected future event and each was presented by a different speaker. Subjects in a second group silently read and listened to the speeches. Opinion measures obtained at the end of the speeches were compared with measures obtained about one month earlier. In general, speakers were more influenced by the communications than were the listeners. Analysis of additional observations made it possible to identify two factors that seemed to contribute to this result. In those cases in which speaking produced a large degree of opinion change,(a) the speaker improvised significantly more than the average, and(b) the speaker expressed greater satisfaction with his performance than did the average speaker. The first factor suggests that the opinion change resulting from speaking may occur because the speaker is impressed by the logical arguments, clarifying illustrations, and convincing appeal that he is stimulated to think up in order to do a good job of selling the idea to others. The second factor suggest that the ideas in the speech are accepted more readily by the speaker because they are associated in his mind with a pleasant sense of achievement stemming from the speaking experience itself.

The opinion held by listeners after the speeches were compared with

(A) opinion held by the general public

(B) opinion held by speakers after the speeches

(D) the average amount of change in the opinions of listeners

In stating their positions speakers were guided by the

(A) opinion change of the listeners

(B) outline provided by the experimenter

(D) reaction of listeners in previous experiments

The experiment described in the passage showed that

(A) speakers were influenced more than listeners

(B) listeners were annoyed because they had not been chosen to speak

(D) controversial topics make interesting speeches

Some of the speaker experiences are described as pleasant for

(A) the listeners

(B) the experimenter

(D) no one

In order to deliver a speech the speaker has to draw the substance from

(A) Other’s opinion

(B) his own experiences

(D) experiments

The ideas in speech are accepted more readily by the speaker because

(A) he is deluded by his own conviction

(B) he is gratified that he has done a good job of selling ideas to others

(D) he is easily satisfied with even a mediocre performance

In order to improvise significantly, the speaker has to all the following except

(A) citing examples

(B) arguing logically

(D) making good use of appealing data in the library

The lack of appreciation of the limits of present scientific knowledge of life has direct and very dangerous consequences for the position of man in our world picture. It leads to identification of man with a complicated physics-chemical mechanism, and this, in turn, to devaluation of all that is genuinely human. A mechanism is amoral; ”mechanization” of life, be it conscious or unconscious, is bound to lead to destruction of all ethics. If we consider life in general and the freedom of the individual in particular as positive values, we are forced to consider the mechanistic-materialistic concept of life as immoral.

Which of the following will lead to devaluation of all that is genuinely human?

(A) The lack of appreciation of the limits of present scientific knowledge of life.

(B) A complicated physics-chemical mechanism.

(D) “Mechanization” of life.

What is the author’s attitude toward the mechanistic-materialistic concept of life?

(A) Deprecatory

(B) Immoral

(D) Laudatory

The author is of the opinion that

(A) man is identical with a complicated physics-chemical mechanism

(B) neither conscious nor unconscious ”mechanization” of life is detrimental to ethics

(D) we should not consider life and the freedom of the individual as positive values

Industrial growth has long been considered desirable, because of its contribution to health and happiness, for the creation of wealth, or simply for its own sake. Until recent times, progress was indeed identified with such quantitative growth. In contrast, modern societies have begun to question the desirability of certain innovations that are technologically feasible and economically profitable, but that have undesirable social aspects. The shelving of the American supersonic transport is a case in point, and so is the delay in the development of various nuclear technologies for the production of energy—such as the breeder reactor. The evaluation of potential long-range dangers for human beings and for the environment is become one of the factors in he formulation of technological policies.

The partial banning of pesticides exemplifies a situation in which a technology that had first been accepted with enthusiasm was brought under strict control once its dangers had been recognized. Even more striking is the case of the fluorocarbons used in spray containers. There are some indications that these substances may be directly harmful to human begins, and also indirectly harmful through possible effects on the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Although the information concerning the magnitude of these effects is still uncertain, and although there is as yet no legislation controlling the uses of fluorocarbons, the sale of spray cans has greatly decreased, and several industrial firms are putting other kinds of spray pumps on the market.

The passage points our that modern societies

(A) consider all innovations desirable

(B) formulate their technological policies on basis of quantitative growth

(D) are more scrupulous so far as technological innovations are concerned

Which of the following can be developed for production of energy?

(A) supersonic transport

(B) breeder reactors

(D) fluorocarbons

The passage indicates that the American supersonic transport

(A) has already been developed

(B) is well on its way to mass production

(D) has no undesirable aspects

It can be inferred from the passage that the delay in the development of various nuclear technologies for the production of energy will be hailed as a sagacious decision especially by

(A) nuclear physicists

(B) physicians

(D) ecologists

The sale of spray cans has greatly decreased because

(A) their use is forbidden by the law

(B) the magnitude of their harmful effects has been ascertained

(D) their potential dangers have aroused social concern

It is apparent the spray pumps are often used to spray

(A) fluorocarbons

(B) insecticides

(D) gas

Which of the following statements is true?

(A) All pesticides are now forbidden by the law.

(B) Pesticides are no longer accepted with enthusiasm.

(D) Manufacturers of spray pumps will not pay attention to any social aspects.

The supersonic transport is probably a kind of

(A) airplane

(B) automobile

(D) explosive device

The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species--man—acquired significant power to alter the nature o this world.

This passage is primarily about

(A) geography

(B) geophysics

(D) ecology

In the current century man’s power to change the nature of his world was

(A) tremendous

(B) relatively slight

(D) significant

Which of the following is NOT true?

(A) Both vegetation and animal life have been closely to their surroundings.

(B) In the past, no species was able to modify its surroundings at will.

(D) Nowadays human beings are totally subjugated by their environment.

二、中文摘要

1. (22%)

Stories are like containers that hold us together; they give us a sense of coherence and continuity. By telling what happened to us once upon a time, we make sense of who we are today. To fashion a biographical story imposes a comforting order on our experience, but how do we arrive at stories that feel right, that point to authentic selfhood? One way to find out is to examine how people create new self-narratives to support a radical change in identity. We might find…that stories are not simply told about a preexisting self but that stories, and their collective creation, bring[experientially] real ” true selves” into being.

Transsexuals provide an intriguing opportunity to study this process of self-construction. The desired identity change is indeed radical: from one gender to another. Typically transsexuals, like those described here, believe they were born in wrong-sexed bodies and want to remedy the mistake, eventually through surgery. The process entail relearning how to do gender, down to the smallest details of self-presentation. The process is also anguishing, in that transsexuals often face rejection from family and friend. In addition, they have problems of finding ways to pay for therapy, electrolysis, hormone treatments, and surgery. To be willing to endure this process, one must believe firmly that the “true self” demands it….

2. (22%)

The structure of inequality within a society clearly affects individuals` patterns of interaction, personal experience, and life chances. However, such class structures do not determine how they interpret and respond to their circumstances….Jay MacLeod examines the complex interrelationships between class position, culture, and individuals` beliefs and value by comparing and contrasting two groups of poor adolescent males who live in the same housing project. All these young men were born on the bottom rung of American class structure. They and their families are poor, but the similarity between them ends there.

The mostly white “Hallway Hangers” have no hope for the future. They have developed a distinctive subculture in response to a hopelessness that is at odds with the conventional beliefs and values of American culture. They resent and challenge authority, including that of teachers and the police. They are heavy drinkers and drug users. They value interpersonal violence and respect those who regularly and successfully engage in it. They believe that they are going nowhere fast, and their subcultural understandings and practices virtually ensure that fate.

In contrast, the mostly black “Brothers” have high hopes and aspirations. They readily accept the conventional beliefs and values of American culture. They believe that education is ticket to success and they work hard at school, albeit with limited success. They never take drugs and seldom drink. Uncomfortable with just “hanging out,” they spend their free time engaged in athletics or in relationship with steady girlfriends. Unlike the Hallway Hangers, they believe that they are going somewhere and they do their best to get there….

3. (14%)

Social psychology is not comprised of a single scientific community but of subcommunities. There is no single paradigm to serve as a guide to inquiry; instead, there are multiple paradigms and theoretical perspectives shared by some but not all social psychologists. As a multiple paradigm science, social psychology is characterized by multiple and overlapping theoretical perspectives that vary in degrees of compatibility with each other. The differences in paradigms are why we have at least two social psychologies rather than one. Even within psychology and sociology there are substantial variations in assumptions and topics for investigation. We can note the multiple theoretical perspectives by drawing on the topics that have emerged as the central ones of social psychological inquiry. These topics include concern for cognition, social learning, and social situations….